A review on potential drug delivery system as a treatment of intercellular bacterial infection
Keywords:
Intercellular bacteria, drug delivery system, drug carriers, liposomesAbstract
Introduction: Intracellular bacterial pathogens are hard to treat because of the inability of
conventional antimicrobial agents belonging to widely used classes, like aminoglycosides
and β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, or macrolides to penetrate, accumulate, or be retained in
the mammalian cells. The increasing problem of antibiotic resistance complicates more the
treatment of the diseases caused by these agents.
Objectives: The purpose of this chapter is to present the limitations of each class of
antibiotics in targeting intracellular pathogens and the main research directions for the
development of drug delivery systems for the intracellular release of antibiotics.
Methods: Different improved drug carriers have been developed for treating intracellular
pathogens, including antibiotics loaded into liposomes, microspheres, polymeric carriers,
and nanoplexes.
Results: In many cases, the increase in therapeutic doses and treatment duration is
accompanied by the occurrence of severe side effects. Taking into account the huge
financial investment associated with bringing a new antibiotic to the market and the limited
lifetime of antibiotics, the design of drug delivery systems to enable the targeting of
antibiotics inside the cells, to improve their activity in different intracellular niches at
different pH and oxygen concentrations, and to achieve a reduced dosage and frequency of
administration could represent a prudent choice. An ideal drug delivery system should
possess several properties, such as antimicrobial activity, biodegradability, and
biocompatibility, making it suitable for use in biomedical and pharmaceutical formulations.
Conclusions: This approach allow reviving old antibiotics rendered useless by resistance
or toxicity, rescuing the last line therapy antibiotics by increasing the therapeutic index,
widening the antimicrobial spectrum of antibiotics scaffolds that failed due to membrane
permeability problems, and thus reducing the gap between increasingly drug-resistant
pathogens and the development of new antibiotics.
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